How To Create an SSL Certificate on Apache for CentOS 7
Introduction
TLS, or "transport layer security", and its predecessor SSL, which stands for "secure sockets layer", are web protocols used to wrap normal traffic in a protected, encrypted wrapper. Using this technology, servers can send traffic safely between the server and the client without the concern that the messages will be intercepted and read by an outside party. The certificate system also assists users in verifying the identity of the sites that they are connecting with.
In this guide, we will show you how to set up a self-signed SSL certificate for use with an Apache web server on a CentOS 7 machine.
Note: A self-signed certificate will encrypt communication between your server and any clients. However, because it is not signed by any of the trusted certificate authorities included with web browsers, users cannot use the certificate to validate the identity of your server automatically.
A self-signed certificate may be appropriate if you do not have a domain name associated with your server and for instances where the encrypted web interface is not user-facing. If you do have a domain name, in many cases it is better to use a CA-signed certificate.
Prerequisites
Before you begin with this guide, there are a few steps that need to be completed first.
You will need access to a CentOS 7 server with a non-root user that has sudo privileges. If you haven't configured this yet, you can run through the CentOS 7 initial server setup guide to create this account.
You will also need to have Apache installed in order to configure virtual hosts for it. If you haven't already done so, you can use yum to install Apache through CentOS's default software repositories:
- sudo yum install httpd
Next, enable Apache as a CentOS service so that it will automatically start after a reboot:
- sudo systemctl enable httpd.service
After these steps are complete, you can log in as your non-root user account through SSH and continue with the tutorial.
Step One: Install Mod SSL
In order to set up the self-signed certificate, we first have to be sure that mod_ssl, an Apache module that provides support for SSL encryption, is installed the server. We can install mod_ssl with the yumcommand:
- sudo yum install mod_ssl
The module will automatically be enabled during installation, and Apache will be able to start using an SSL certificate after it is restarted. You don't need to take any additional steps for mod_ssl to be ready for use.
Step Two: Create a New Certificate
Now that Apache is ready to use encryption, we can move on to generating a new SSL certificate. The certificate will store some basic information about your site, and will be accompanied by a key file that allows the server to securely handle encrypted data.
First, we need to create a new directory to store our private key (the /etc/ssl/certs directory is already available to hold our certificate file):
- sudo mkdir /etc/ssl/private
Since files kept within this directory must be kept strictly private, we will modify the permissions to make sure only the root user has access:
- sudo chmod 700 /etc/ssl/private
Now that we have a location to place our files, we can create the SSL key and certificate files with openssl:
- sudo openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /etc/ssl/private/apache-selfsigned.key -out /etc/ssl/certs/apache-selfsigned.crt
After you enter the request, you will be taken to a prompt where you can enter information about your website. Before we go over that, let's take a look at what is happening in the command we are issuing:
- openssl: This is the basic command line tool for creating and managing OpenSSL certificates, keys, and other files.
- req -x509: This specifies that we want to use X.509 certificate signing request (CSR) management. The "X.509" is a public key infrastructure standard that SSL and TLS adhere to for key and certificate management.
- -nodes: This tells OpenSSL to skip the option to secure our certificate with a passphrase. We need Apache to be able to read the file, without user intervention, when the server starts up. A passphrase would prevent this from happening, since we would have to enter it after every restart.
- -days 365: This option sets the length of time that the certificate will be considered valid. We set it for one year here.
- -newkey rsa:2048: This specifies that we want to generate a new certificate and a new key at the same time. We did not create the key that is required to sign the certificate in a previous step, so we need to create it along with the certificate. The
rsa:2048portion tells it to make an RSA key that is 2048 bits long. - -keyout: This line tells OpenSSL where to place the generated private key file that we are creating.
- -out: This tells OpenSSL where to place the certificate that we are creating.
Fill out the prompts appropriately. The most important line is the one that requests the Common Name. You need to enter the domain name that you want to be associated with your server. You can enter the public IP address instead if you do not have a domain name.
The full list of prompts will look something like this:
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:US
State or Province Name (full name) []:Example
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Example
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:Example Inc
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Example Dept
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:example.com
Email Address []:webmaster@example.com
Both of the files you created will be placed in the appropriate subdirectories of the /etc/ssl directory.
While we are using OpenSSL, we should also create a strong Diffie-Hellman group, which is used in negotiating Perfect Forward Secrecy with clients.
We can do this by typing:
- sudo openssl dhparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem 2048
This may take a few minutes, but when it's done you will have a strong DH group at /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem that we can use in our configuration.
Since the version of Apache that ships with CentOS 7 does not include the SSLOpenSSLConfCmddirective, we will have to manually append the generated file to the end of our self-signed certificate. To do this, type:
- cat /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem | sudo tee -a /etc/ssl/certs/apache-selfsigned.crt
The apache-selfsigned.crt file should now have both the certificate and the generated Diffie-Hellman group.
Step Three: Set Up the Certificate
We now have all of the required components of the finished interface. The next thing to do is to set up the virtual hosts to display the new certificate.
Open Apache's SSL configuration file in your text editor with root privileges:
- sudo vi /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf
Find the section that begins with <VirtualHost _default_:443>. We need to make a few changes here to ensure that our SSL certificate is correctly applied to our site.
Adjusting the VirtualHost Directives
First, uncomment the DocumentRoot line and edit the address in quotes to the location of your site's document root. By default, this will be in /var/www/html, and you don't need to change this line if you have not changed the document root for your site. However, if you followed a guide like our Apache virtual hosts setup guide, your site's document root may be different.
Next, uncomment the ServerName line and replace www.example.com with your domain name or server IP address (whichever one you put as the common name in your certificate):
<VirtualHost _default_:443>
. . .
DocumentRoot "/var/www/example.com/public_html"
ServerName www.example.com:443
Next, find the SSLProtocol and SSLCipherSuite lines and either delete them or comment them out. The configuration we be pasting in a moment will offer more secure settings than the default included with CentOS's Apache:
. . .
# SSLProtocol all -SSLv2
. . .
# SSLCipherSuite HIGH:MEDIUM:!aNULL:!MD5:!SEED:!IDEA
Find the SSLCertificateFile and SSLCertificateKeyFile lines and change them to the directory we made at /etc/httpd/ssl:
SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/apache-selfsigned.crt
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/apache-selfsigned.key
We're now done with the changes within the actual VirtualHost block. The next changes will take place after the ending </VirtualHost> tag within this same file.
Setting Up Secure SSL Parameters
For our purposes, we can copy the provided settings in their entirety. We will just make two small changes.
Take a moment to read up on HTTP Strict Transport Security, or HSTS
The other change we will make is to comment out the SSLSessionTickets directive, since this isn't available in the version of Apache shipped with CentOS 7.
Paste in the settings from the site AFTER the end of the VirtualHost block:
. . .
</VirtualHost>
. . .
# Begin copied text
# from https://cipherli.st/
# and https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/Strong_SSL_Security_On_Apache2.html
SSLCipherSuite EECDH+AESGCM:EDH+AESGCM:AES256+EECDH:AES256+EDH
SSLProtocol All -SSLv2 -SSLv3
SSLHonorCipherOrder On
# Disable preloading HSTS for now. You can use the commented out header line that includes
# the "preload" directive if you understand the implications.
#Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains; preload"
Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains"
Header always set X-Frame-Options DENY
Header always set X-Content-Type-Options nosniff
# Requires Apache >= 2.4
SSLCompression off
SSLUseStapling on
SSLStaplingCache "shmcb:logs/stapling-cache(150000)"
# Requires Apache >= 2.4.11
# SSLSessionTickets Off
(Recommended) Modify the Unencrypted Virtual Host File to Redirect to HTTPS
As it stands now, the server will provide both unencrypted HTTP and encrypted HTTPS traffic. For better security, it is recommended in most cases to redirect HTTP to HTTPS automatically. If you do not want or need this functionality, you can safely skip this section.
To redirect all traffic to be SSL encrypted, create and open a file ending in .conf in the /etc/httpd/conf.d directory:
- sudo vi /etc/httpd/conf.d/non-ssl.conf
Inside, create a VirtualHost block to match requests on port 80. Inside, use the ServerName directive to again match your domain name or IP address. Then, use Redirect to match any requests and send them to the SSL VirtualHost. Make sure to include the trailing slash:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName www.example.com
Redirect "/" "https://www.example.com/"
</VirtualHost>
Save and close this file when you are finished.
Step Four: Activate the Certificate
By now, you have created an SSL certificate and configured your web server to apply it to your site. To apply all of these changes and start using your SSL encryption, you can restart the Apache server to reload its configurations and modules.
First, check your configuration file for syntax errors by typing:
- sudo apachectl configtest
As long as the output ends with Syntax OK, you are safe to continue. If this is not part of your output, check the syntax of your files and try again:
. . .
Syntax OK
Restart the Apache server to apply your changes by typing:
- sudo systemctl restart httpd.service
Next, make sure port 80 and 443 are open in your firewall. If you are not running a firewall, you can skip ahead.
If you have a firewalld firewall running, you can open these ports by typing:
- sudo firewall-cmd --add-service=http
- sudo firewall-cmd --add-service=https
- sudo firewall-cmd --runtime-to-permanent
If have an iptables firewall running, the commands you need to run are highly dependent on your current rule set. For a basic rule set, you can add HTTP and HTTPS access by typing:
- sudo iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
- sudo iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
In your web browser, try visiting your domain name or IP with https:// to see your new certificate in action.
https://example.com/
Your web browser will likely warn you that the site's security certificate is not trusted. Since your certificate isn't signed by a certificate authority that the browser trusts, the browser is unable to verify the identity of the server that you are trying to connect to. We created a self-signed certificate instead of a trusted CA-signed certificate, so this makes perfect sense.
Once you add an exception to the browser's identity verification, you will be allowed to proceed to your newly secured site.
Conclusion
You have configured your Apache server to handle both HTTP and HTTPS requests. This will help you communicate with clients securely and avoid outside parties from being able to read your traffic.
If you are planning on using SSL for a public website, you should probably purchase an SSL certificate from a trusted certificate authority to prevent the scary warnings from being shown to each of your visitors.
